Exploring Chance In Pushkins the Queen of Spades Essay

Exploring Chance In Pushkins the Queen of Spades It is said in The Bible that God has given Man free will. Unfortunately for Man, The Bible does not entail exactly what free will is. Some speculate that there is a force called Chance. These people believe that through a serious of coincidence, luck, and their own choices, they can control their future. Others believe in a force known as Fate. With this line of thinking, everything has a goal, and those goals will be met eventually. This gives the believer a sense of inevitability and they tend to be more laid back due to the philosophy of least resistance. Least resistance is the idea of its going to happen anyway, so there?s no real point in pushing back. In Pushkins†¦show more content†¦All this was set up for her to continue living the life she was accustomed to and by doing so gave birth and had assistants, and lived to be very old. This set up for the rest of the events to take place. At times, it appears that everything is happening for a reason; as if a coin were fl ipped and it was known what the result would be and due to the result being pre-ordained and not left to chance, something would happen. Or to relate more to the story, had she never learned the secret, she wouldn?t be killed because of it. ? ?Money is not necessary,? replied St. Germaine: ?be pleased to listen to me.? ?Then he revealed to her a secret, for which each of us would pay a great deal (Pushkin, pp. 3) But discussing fate as an inevitability goes against the notion of free will. If we cannot escape our fate, are we actually making the choices at all? Instep the third force. The Puppeteer. God. If fate has goals, who sets them? When this question is asked, another force happens to be created. When this happens, chance and fate may be more easily meshed. God set a goal for Fate to strive toward. Fate achieves this by acts of Chance. Acts of chance are based on our decisions. With this line of thinking, fate and free will can exist. Some would argue that if God is setting our goals, then we have no free will. A rebuttal to that would be that we have the freedom to choose how

Manchus and Qing Dynasty Essay Example

Essays on Manchus and Qing Dynasty Essay The paper "Manchus and Qing Dynasty" is a good example of an essay on history. The areas of Asia, Russia, and Europe all underwent transitions in ruling during the times of the mid-1600s leading right up to the 1800s. The Chinese had a strong ruling with the emperors of the Qing dynasty and it led to the west, joining the Russian Empires and Central Asia while the British too were expanding. Many varying factors led to the expansion of all of these areas were subject to growth, change, commercialism, trade, military influence, interactions throughout the different cultures socially and control over the land territories that had previously not been occupied prior to expansion.   The Qing Empire began its development in 1636 and carried until 1783. Manchu rules had overtaken China and the Empire began to expand larger than any other group of people that currently lived on that land. This made the Qing emperors extremely influential in the decisions that were made in that vicinity. Some of the people tried to get along with the emperors that had helped to expand and keep it peaceful by following their policies and the Great Wall served as a division for many of these people. The Russians eventually were expanding into Central Asia and it created problems between those that fought for the religions to which they were each devoted. Trade increased between China and Europe, especially due to Chinese handmade silk. During this time, Russia was expanding due to its fur-trapping territory. Art, fashion and luxurious lifestyles also became predominant as Russia grew under the influence of Catherine the Great who married into a Russian royal family. The British also b ecame more commercialized and some of the customs that they had picked up in Asia were also integrated into their own lives such as playing polo and smoking from a hookah. Each of these expansions created cross-cultural socialization that still held its own original cultures intact.

Atomic Structure Free Essays

The Rutherford Model of the Atom 1. In 1911 Rutherford proposed the nuclear model of atomic structure. He suggested that an atom consists of a central nucleus (where most of the mass of the atom is concentrated) having a positive charge, surrounded by moving electrons carrying negative charge. We will write a custom essay sample on Atomic Structure or any similar topic only for you Order Now Geiger and Marsden carried out an experiment to verify his proposal. The Geiger/Marsden a Particle Scattering Experiment 1. The apparatus is illustrated in the diagram below. | 2. The apparatus was in an evacuated container. The detector was a ZnS screen observed through a low power microscope. Each time an alpha particle hit the screen, a small flash of light was produced. 3. The detector was mounted on a support such that it could be rotated to measure the angular deflection of the alpha particles as they passed through a very thin sheet of gold. They measured the numbers of particles deflected through various angles. 4. It was found that most of ? particles pass through the gold undeflected; only a relatively small number are deflected (scattered). 5. Their results were considered to confirm Rutherford’s model and allowed them to estimate the size of the nucleus (greater than 10-14m) and the size of the atom (greater than10-10m), thus producing the slightly surprising conclusion the most of the space occupied by an atom is empty space! Closest Approach of an Alpha Particle to a Nucleus 1. For a given speed of alpha particle, the closest approach to a nucleus, rmin, will occur when the initial direction of motion of the particle is along the line joining the centers of particle and nucleus. 2. In this case, at the point of closest approach, the speed of the particle is zero. 3. As the particle approaches the nucleus, kinetic energy is being converted to electrical potential energy. K. E. lost = E. P. E. gained| 4. Electrical potential at a distance r from a point charge Q is given by | 5. For a nucleus of atomic number Z, the charge is Ze, where e is the magnitude of the charge on one proton (the same as the magnitude of the charge on an electron). 6. The magnitude of the charge on an alpha particle is 2e 7. Therefore, the energy, w, possessed by an alpha particle placed at distance, rmin, from a charge Ze is given by | 8. So, we have | which gives | Millikan’s Experiment to Measure the Charge on one Electron 1. The diagram below is a very simplified representation of Millikan’s apparatus. | 2. Small drops of oil were allowed to fall into a region between two metal plates, (the top plate had a hole in it). 3. Some of the drops became charged by friction. Further ionization was caused by a beam of x rays. 4. Millikan measured the terminal speed of a drop as it fell through the air, with V = 0. From this he could calculate the radius of the drop (and hence it’s mass). He then applied a voltage, V, to the plates and measured the new terminal speed of the same drop. 5. The change in the terminal speed of the drop was used to calculate the magnitude of the charge on the drop. 6. When many measurements had been done, all the charges were found to be integral multiples of a basic unit of charge, assumed to be the charge on one electron. 7. The value, e, is approximately -1. 6? 10-19 C. 8. A simplified version of Millikan’s experiment can be done by finding the voltage needed to just hold an oil drop stationary between the two plates. 9. Consider a drop having a charge q and mass m. | 10. If the drop is stationary, then the two forces acting on it have equal magnitudes. where E is the field strength. 11. Now, , where d is the distance between the plates, Therefore The Electron Volt (eV) 1. The electron Volt is a unit of work (or energy) much smaller than the Joule. 2. If 1electron moves through a potential difference of 1V then 1eV of work is done. Relation between the Joule and the electron Volt 1. Potential difference is work done per unit charge so, . 1 J is the work done when 1C moves through a p. d. of 1V. 2. The charge on one electron is -1. 6? 10-19 C. 3. Therefore 1eV is the work done when 1 ·6? 10-19C moves through a p. d. of 1V. This means that . 4. To convert energy in J to energy in eV, Experiment to measure the Charge to Mass Ratio of Electrons 1. The method proposed here is similar to that used by J. J. Thomson in 1897. Electrons in an evacuated tube (a â€Å"cathode ray tube†) are sent towards a region of space where there are electric and magnetic fields at 90 ° to each other. If the field strengths have a particular ratio then charged particles can pass through them undeflected. | | | 2. In the following analysis | | | V = voltage accelerating the electrons and producing the electric field between the plates| | v = speed of the electrons| | m = mass of one electron and e = charge on one electron| | E = electric field strength (E = where d = distance between plates)| | B = magnetic flux density| 3. If the electrons pass undeflected (magnitude of electric force equal to magnitude of magnetic force), then it can easily be shown that | 4. To find the speed of the electrons, remember that during acceleration the electrons are losing electric P. E. and gaining K. E. | | E. P. E. lost = K. E. gained| eV = 5. Therefore, | | | 6. Combining equations 1 and 2 to eliminate v gives, | | | | 7. Thus, using his experimental apparatus, Thomson was able to determine the charge-to-mass ratio of the electron. Today, the accepted value of is C kg-1. How to cite Atomic Structure, Papers

Finanace for Cash management

Question: Discuss about the Finanace for Cash management. Answer The cash budget for the period January to March 2011 is presented below: Jan 11 Feb 11 Mar 11 Opening balance -$10,800 -$34,200 -$12,600 Income Cash sales $20,000 $30,000 $30,000 Credit sales $7,500 $10,000 $15,000 Credit sales $5,000 $7,500 $10,000 Legacy $40,000 Total income $32,500 $87,500 $55,000 Expenses Cash purchases $6,000 $9,000 $10,000 credit purchases $10,000 $12,000 $18,000 credit purchases $8,000 $10,000 $12,000 Cash Wages $15,000 $10,000 $10,000 Credit wages $10,000 $15,000 $10,000 Variable overheads $5,000 $8,000 $6,000 Fixed overheads $1,900 $1,900 $1,900 Fixed assets $30,000 Total expenses $55,900 $65,900 $97,900 Net Cash flow -$23,400 $21,600 -$42,900 Closing Balance -$34,200 -$12,600 -$55,500 (Calculations given in annexure) Cash budget is related to forecasting the various cash inflows and outflows of a business for a future time period in order to plan and control the use of cash (Jain and Khan, 2008) Cash budget helps in identifying any excessive or shortage of cash in the future so that decisions that can be taken to put them to better use or to raise the required funds respectively. Also a safe level of cash can be maintained which ensures smooth running of business activities. Like in the above case, the company has negative cash balance at the end of each month; hence it can take loan to ensure smooth functioning. Also cash budget helps in deciding the credit to be extended to debtors in order to ensure no liquidity problems and having a control over the business (Gatewaycfo, 2011) The various ratios for X BHD and Y BHD are given below: Ratio X BHD Y BHD Gross profit 17.20% 26.88% Net profit 6.64% 10.63% Expenses ratio 10.56% 16.25% Stock turnover 9.4 7.3 Return on capital employed 45.11% 76.23% Current ratio 2.11 5.24 Acid test ratio 0.95 1.03 Debtor/sales ratio 24.04 55.17 Creditor/purchase ratio 11.11 7.58 (Calculations in annexure) The performance of a company can be measured through ratio analysis in which the ratios can be categorized into profitability ratio, liquidity ratio, efficiency ratio and capital structure ratio Profitability From the above ratios we see that Y has a better profitability as compared to X. It has a higher gross profit and net profit ratio. However, Y also has a higher expense to sales ratio. We have taken the administrative expenses in this ratio. Since Y has higher administrative expense as a percentage of sales, the ratio is higher. Also Y has a higher return on capital employed. This means Y is utilizing its capital more effectively in generating revenues and making profits. This ratio is particularly important for investors. Liquidity The liquidity is measured by the current ratio and quick ratio. Company Y has a very high current ratio as compared to X indicating enough current assets to meet its current obligations. However, the acid test ratio of both the companies is almost same. This means Y has most of its current assets in the form of inventory. This makes the immediate liquidity of the company low. A lot of funds are tied in stock which the company cannot liquidate immediately, hence resulting in low liquidity. Company X has ideal liquidity ratios in both current and quick ratio. Efficiency Company X has a higher stock turnover ratio as compared to X. This means X is able to convert its stock into sales faster as compared to Y. Also X has a higher accounts payable ratio. This means the company pays off its suppliers more quickly than Y and is more regular in paying the bills. However, company Y has a higher debtors turnover ratio indicating the company recovers cash from its debtors more quickly. This results in more free funds for the company which it can use in its business. Even company X has an impressive debtors turnover but Y is better. Overall company X is more efficient in managing its working capital as compared to Y (Petty, Titman, Keown, Martin, Burrow, 2011) Company Y is better in terms of profitability whereas company X is better in terms of liquidity and efficiency. Reference Khan, M.Y., Jain, P.K., (2008), Cost Accounting and Financial Management, 3rd Edition, CA Examination Series Gateway CFO, (2011), Why a Cash Budget is Important What It Should Look Like, accessed online on 25th January, 2017, available at https://gatewaycfo.com/2011/10/why-a-cash-budget-is-important-what-it-should-look-like/ Petty J.W., Titman, S., Keown, A.J. ,Martin P., Burrow, M., (2011), Financial Management : Principles and Applications, 6th Edition, Pearson Australia